General Economics and Teaching
Quicklinks
The guide provides JEL Code application guidelines, keywords, and examples of items within each classification.
The "JEL" classification system originated with the Journal of Economic Literature and is a standard method of classifying scholarly literature in the field of economics. It is used in many of the AEA's published research materials.
Use the guide to gain insight on how JEL Codes are used to classify articles, dissertations, books, book reviews, and working papers. You will also find it is helpful when adding classification codes to your own work.
General Economics and Teaching
| A10 | General |
| A11 | Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists |
| A12 | Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines |
| A13 | Relation of Economics to Social Values |
| A14 | Sociology of Economics |
| A19 | Other |
| A20 | General |
| A21 | Pre-college |
| A22 | Undergraduate |
| A23 | Graduate |
| A29 | Other |
| A30 | General |
| A31 | Collected Writings of Individuals |
| A32 | Collective Volumes |
| A33 | Handbooks |
| A39 | Other |
History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
| B00 | General |
| B10 | General |
| B11 | Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic) |
| B12 | Classical (includes Adam Smith) |
| B13 | Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian) |
| B14 | Socialist • Marxist |
| B15 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary |
| B16 | Quantitative and Mathematical |
| B17 | International Trade and Finance |
| B19 | Other |
| B20 | General |
| B21 | Microeconomics |
| B22 | Macroeconomics |
| B23 | Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies |
| B24 | Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian |
| B25 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School |
| B26 | Financial Economics |
| B27 | International Trade and Finance |
| B29 | Other |
| B30 | General |
| B31 | Individuals |
| B32 | Obituaries |
| B40 | General |
| B41 | Economic Methodology |
| B49 | Other |
| B50 | General |
| B51 | Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian |
| B52 | Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Modern Monetary Theory |
| B53 | Austrian |
| B54 | Feminist Economics |
| B55 | Social Economics |
| B59 | Other |
Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
| C00 | General |
| C01 | Econometrics |
| C02 | Mathematical Methods |
| C10 | General |
| C11 | Bayesian Analysis: General |
| C12 | Hypothesis Testing: General |
| C13 | Estimation: General |
| C14 | Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General |
| C15 | Statistical Simulation Methods: General |
| C18 | Methodological Issues: General |
| C19 | Other |
| C20 | General |
| C21 | Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions |
| C22 | Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes |
| C23 | Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models |
| C24 | Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models |
| C25 | Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities |
| C26 | Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation |
| C29 | Other |
| C30 | General |
| C31 | Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models |
| C32 | Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models |
| C33 | Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models |
| C34 | Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models |
| C35 | Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions |
| C36 | Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation |
| C38 | Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models |
| C39 | Other |
| C40 | General |
| C41 | Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies |
| C43 | Index Numbers and Aggregation |
| C44 | Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory |
| C45 | Neural Networks and Related Topics |
| C46 | Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics |
| C49 | Other |
| C50 | General |
| C51 | Model Construction and Estimation |
| C52 | Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection |
| C53 | Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods |
| C54 | Quantitative Policy Modeling |
| C55 | Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis |
| C57 | Econometrics of Games and Auctions |
| C58 | Financial Econometrics |
| C59 | Other |
| C60 | General |
| C61 | Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis |
| C62 | Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium |
| C63 | Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling |
| C65 | Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools |
| C67 | Input–Output Models |
| C68 | Computable General Equilibrium Models |
| C69 | Other |
| C70 | General |
| C71 | Cooperative Games |
| C72 | Noncooperative Games |
| C73 | Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games |
| C78 | Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory |
| C79 | Other |
| C80 | General |
| C81 | Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access |
| C82 | Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access |
| C83 | Survey Methods • Sampling Methods |
| C87 | Econometric Software |
| C88 | Other Computer Software |
| C89 | Other |
| C90 | General |
| C91 | Laboratory, Individual Behavior |
| C92 | Laboratory, Group Behavior |
| C93 | Field Experiments |
| C99 | Other |
Microeconomics
| D00 | General |
| D01 | Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles |
| D02 | Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact |
| D04 | Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation |
| D10 | General |
| D11 | Consumer Economics: Theory |
| D12 | Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis |
| D13 | Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation |
| D14 | Household Saving • Personal Finance |
| D15 | Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving |
| D16 | Collaborative Consumption |
| D18 | Consumer Protection |
| D19 | Other |
| D20 | General |
| D21 | Firm Behavior: Theory |
| D22 | Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis |
| D23 | Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights |
| D24 | Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity |
| D25 | Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing |
| D26 | Crowd-Based Firms |
| D29 | Other |
| D30 | General |
| D31 | Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions |
| D33 | Factor Income Distribution |
| D39 | Other |
| D40 | General |
| D41 | Perfect Competition |
| D42 | Monopoly |
| D43 | Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection |
| D44 | Auctions |
| D45 | Rationing • Licensing |
| D46 | Value Theory |
| D47 | Market Design |
| D49 | Other |
| D50 | General |
| D51 | Exchange and Production Economies |
| D52 | Incomplete Markets |
| D53 | Financial Markets |
| D57 | Input–Output Tables and Analysis |
| D58 | Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models |
| D59 | Other |
| D60 | General |
| D61 | Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis |
| D62 | Externalities |
| D63 | Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement |
| D64 | Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers |
| D69 | Other |
| D70 | General |
| D71 | Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations |
| D72 | Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior |
| D73 | Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption |
| D74 | Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions |
| D78 | Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation |
| D79 | Other |
| D80 | General |
| D81 | Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty |
| D82 | Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design |
| D83 | Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness |
| D84 | Expectations • Speculations |
| D85 | Network Formation and Analysis: Theory |
| D86 | Economics of Contract: Theory |
| D87 | Neuroeconomics |
| D89 | Other |
| D90 | General |
| D91 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making |
Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
| E00 | General |
| E01 | Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts |
| E02 | Institutions and the Macroeconomy |
| E10 | General |
| E11 | Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian |
| E12 | Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian • Modern Monetary Theory |
| E13 | Neoclassical |
| E14 | Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional |
| E16 | Social Accounting Matrix |
| E17 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications |
| E19 | Other |
| E20. | General |
| E21 | Consumption • Saving • Wealth |
| E22 | Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity |
| E23 | Production |
| E24 | Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity |
| E25 | Aggregate Factor Income Distribution |
| E26 | Informal Economy • Underground Economy |
| E27 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications |
| E29 | Other |
| E30 | General |
| E31 | Price Level • Inflation • Deflation |
| E32 | Business Fluctuations • Cycles |
| E37 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications |
| E39 | Othe |
| E40 | General |
| E41 | Demand for Money |
| E42 | Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems |
| E43 | Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects |
| E44 | Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy |
| E47 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications |
| E49 | Other |
| E50 | General |
| E51 | Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers |
| E52 | Monetary Policy |
| E58 | Central Banks and Their Policies |
| E59 | Other |
| E60 | General |
| E61 | Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination |
| E62 | Fiscal Policy • Modern Monetary Theory |
| E63 | Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy |
| E64 | Incomes Policy • Price Policy |
| E65 | Studies of Particular Policy Episodes |
| E66 | General Outlook and Conditions |
| E69 | Other |
| E70 | General |
| E71 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy |
International Economics
| F00 | General |
| F01 | Global Outlook |
| F02 | International Economic Order and Integration |
| F10 | General |
| F11 | Neoclassical Models of Trade |
| F12 | Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation |
| F13 | Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations |
| F14 | Empirical Studies of Trade |
| F15 | Economic Integration |
| F16 | Trade and Labor Market Interactions |
| F17 | Trade Forecasting and Simulation |
| F18 | Trade and Environment |
| F19 | Other |
| F20 | General |
| F21 | International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements |
| F22 | International Migration |
| F23 | Multinational Firms • International Business |
| F24 | Remittances |
| F29 | Other |
| F30 | General |
| F31 | Foreign Exchange |
| F32 | Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements |
| F33 | International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions |
| F34 | International Lending and Debt Problems |
| F35 | Foreign Aid |
| F36 | Financial Aspects of Economic Integration |
| F37 | International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications |
| F38 | International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls |
| F39 | Other |
| F40 | General |
| F41 | Open Economy Macroeconomics |
| F42 | International Policy Coordination and Transmission |
| F43 | Economic Growth of Open Economies |
| F44 | International Business Cycles |
| F45 | Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions |
| F47 | Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications |
| F49 | Other |
| F50 | General |
| F51 | International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions |
| F52 | National Security • Economic Nationalism |
| F53 | International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations |
| F54 | Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism |
| F55 | International Institutional Arrangements |
| F59 | Other |
| F60 | General |
| F61 | Microeconomic Impacts |
| F62 | Macroeconomic Impacts |
| F63 | Economic Development |
| F64 | Environment |
| F65 | Finance |
| F66 | Labor |
| F68 | Policy |
| F69 | Other |
Financial Economics
| G00 | General |
| G01 | Financial Crises |
| G10 | General |
| G11 | Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions |
| G12 | Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates |
| G13 | Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing |
| G14 | Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading |
| G15 | International Financial Markets |
| G17 | Financial Forecasting and Simulation |
| G18 | Government Policy and Regulation |
| G19 | Other |
| G20 | General |
| G21 | Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages |
| G22 | Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies |
| G23 | Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors |
| G24 | Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies |
| G28 | Government Policy and Regulation |
| G29 | Other |
| G30 | General |
| G31 | Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity |
| G32 | Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill |
| G33 | Bankruptcy • Liquidation |
| G34 | Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance |
| G35 | Payout Policy |
| G38 | Government Policy and Regulation |
| G39 | Other |
| G40 | General |
| G41 | Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets |
| G50 | General |
| G51 | Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth |
| G52 | Insurance |
| G53 | Financial Literacy |
| G59 | Other |
Public Economics
| H00 | General |
| H10 | General |
| H11 | Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government |
| H12 | Crisis Management |
| H13 | Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization |
| H19 | Other |
| H20 | General |
| H21 | Efficiency • Optimal Taxation |
| H22 | Incidence |
| H23 | Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies |
| H24 | Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies |
| H25 | Business Taxes and Subsidies |
| H26 | Tax Evasion and Avoidance |
| H27 | Other Sources of Revenue |
| H29 | Other |
| H30 | General |
| H31 | Household |
| H32 | Firm |
| H39 | Other |
| H40 | General |
| H41 | Public Goods |
| H42 | Publicly Provided Private Goods |
| H43 | Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate |
| H44 | Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets |
| H49 | Other |
| H50 | General |
| H51 | Government Expenditures and Health |
| H52 | Government Expenditures and Education |
| H53 | Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs |
| H54 | Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock |
| H55 | Social Security and Public Pensions |
| H56 | National Security and War |
| H57 | Procurement |
| H59 | Other |
| H60 | General |
| H61 | Budget • Budget Systems |
| H62 | Deficit • Surplus |
| H63 | Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt |
| H68 | Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt |
| H69 | Other |
| H70 | General |
| H71 | State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue |
| H72 | State and Local Budget and Expenditures |
| H73 | Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects |
| H74 | State and Local Borrowing |
| H75 | State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions |
| H76 | State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories |
| H77 | Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession |
| H79 | Other |
| H80 | General |
| H81 | Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts |
| H82 | Governmental Property |
| H83 | Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits |
| H84 | Disaster Aid |
| H87 | International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods |
| H89 | Other |
Health, Education, and Welfare
| I00 | General |
| I10 | General |
| I11 | Analysis of Health Care Markets |
| I12 | Health Behavior |
| I13 | Health Insurance, Public and Private |
| I14 | Health and Inequality |
| I15 | Health and Economic Development |
| I18 | Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health |
| I19 | Other |
| I20 | General |
| I21 | Analysis of Education |
| I22 | Educational Finance • Financial Aid |
| I23 | Higher Education • Research Institutions |
| I24 | Education and Inequality |
| I25 | Education and Economic Development |
| I26 | Returns to Education |
| I28 | Government Policy |
| I29 | Other |
| I30 | General |
| I31 | General Welfare, Well-Being |
| I32 | Measurement and Analysis of Poverty |
| I38 | Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs |
| I39 | Other |
Labor and Demographic Economics
| J00 | General |
| J01 | Labor Economics: General |
| J08 | Labor Economics Policies |
| J10 | General |
| J11 | Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts |
| J12 | Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse |
| J13 | Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth |
| J14 | Economics of the Elderly • Economics of Disability • Non-Labor Market Discrimination |
| J15 | Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination |
| J16 | Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination |
| J17 | Value of Life • Forgone Income |
| J18 | Public Policy |
| J19 | Other |
| J20 | General |
| J21 | Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure |
| J22 | Time Allocation and Labor Supply |
| J23 | Labor Demand |
| J24 | Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity |
| J26 | Retirement • Retirement Policies |
| J28 | Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy |
| J29 | Other |
| J30 | General |
| J31 | Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials |
| J32 | Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions |
| J33 | Compensation Packages • Payment Methods |
| J38 | Public Policy |
| J39 | Other |
| J40 | General |
| J41 | Labor Contracts |
| J42 | Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets |
| J43 | Agricultural Labor Markets |
| J44 | Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing |
| J45 | Public Sector Labor Markets |
| J46 | Informal Labor Markets |
| J47 | Coercive Labor Markets |
| J48 | Public Policy |
| J49 | Other |
| J50 | General |
| J51 | Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects |
| J52 | Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining |
| J53 | Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence |
| J54 | Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership |
| J58 | Public Policy |
| J59 | Other |
| J60 | General |
| J61 | Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers |
| J62 | Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility |
| J63 | Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs |
| J64 | Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search |
| J65 | Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings |
| J68 | Public Policy |
| J69 | Other |
| J70 | General |
| J71 | Discrimination |
| J78 | Public Policy |
| J79 | Other |
| J80 | General |
| J81 | Working Conditions |
| J82 | Labor Force Composition |
| J83 | Workers' Rights |
| J88 | Public Policy |
| J89 | Other |
Law and Economics
| K00 | General |
| K10 | General |
| K11 | Property Law |
| K12 | Contract Law |
| K13 | Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics |
| K14 | Criminal Law |
| K15 | Civil Law • Common Law |
| K16 | Election Law |
| K19 | Other |
| K20 | General |
| K21 | Antitrust Law |
| K22 | Business and Securities Law |
| K23 | Regulated Industries and Administrative Law |
| K24 | Cyber Law |
| K25 | Real Estate Law |
| K29 | Other |
| K30 | General |
| K31 | Labor Law |
| K32 | Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law |
| K33 | International Law |
| K34 | Tax Law |
| K35 | Personal Bankruptcy Law |
| K36 | Family and Personal Law |
| K37 | Immigration Law |
| K38 | Human Rights Law • Gender Law • Animal Rights Law |
| K39 | Other |
.
| K40 | General |
| K41 | Litigation Process |
| K42 | Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law |
| K49 | Other |
Industrial Organization
| L00 | General |
| L10 | General |
| L11 | Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms |
| L12 | Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies |
| L13 | Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets |
| L14 | Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks |
| L15 | Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility |
| L16 | Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices |
| L17 | Open Source Products and Markets |
| L19 | Other |
| L20 | General |
| L21 | Business Objectives of the Firm |
| L22 | Firm Organization and Market Structure |
| L23 | Organization of Production |
| L24 | Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing |
| L25 | Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope |
| L26 | Entrepreneurship |
| L29 | Other |
| L30 | General |
| L31 | Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship |
| L32 | Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises |
| L33 | Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out |
| L38 | Public Policy |
| L39 | Other |
| L40 | General |
| L41 | Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices |
| L42 | Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts |
| L43 | Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation |
| L44 | Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations |
| L49 | Other |
| L50 | General |
| L51 | Economics of Regulation |
| L52 | Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods |
| L53 | Enterprise Policy |
| L59 | Other |
| L60 | General |
| L61 | Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics |
| L62 | Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment |
| L63 | Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment |
| L64 | Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments |
| L65 | Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics |
| L66 | Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits |
| L67 | Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment |
| L68 | Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables |
| L69 | Other |
| L70 | General |
| L71 | Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels |
| L72 | Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources |
| L73 | Forest Products |
| L74 | Construction |
| L78 | Government Policy |
| L79 | Other |
| L80 | General |
| L81 | Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce |
| L82 | Entertainment • Media |
| L83 | Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism |
| L84 | Personal, Professional, and Business Services |
| L85 | Real Estate Services |
| L86 | Information and Internet Services • Computer Software |
| L87 | Postal and Delivery Services |
| L88 | Government Policy |
| L89 | Other |
| L90 | General |
| L91 | Transportation: General |
| L92 | Railroads and Other Surface Transportation |
| L93 | Air Transportation |
| L94 | Electric Utilities |
| L95 | Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities |
| L96 | Telecommunications |
| L97 | Utilities: General |
| L98 | Government Policy |
| L99 | Other |
Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics
| M00 | General |
| M10 | General |
| M11 | Production Management |
| M12 | Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation |
| M13 | New Firms • Startups |
| M14 | Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility |
| M15 | IT Management |
| M16 | International Business Administration |
| M19 | Other |
| M20 | General |
| M21 | Business Economics |
| M29 | Other |
| M30 | General |
| M31 | Marketing |
| M37 | Advertising |
| M38 | Government Policy and Regulation |
| M39 | Other |
| M40 | General |
| M41 | Accounting |
| M42 | Auditing |
| M48 | Government Policy and Regulation |
| M49 | Other |
| M50 | General |
| M51 | Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions |
| M52 | Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects |
| M53 | Training |
| M54 | Labor Management |
| M55 | Labor Contracting Devices |
| M59 | Other |
Economic History
| N00 | General |
| N01 | Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods |
| N10 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N11 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N12 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N13 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N14 | Europe: 1913– |
| N15 | Asia including Middle East |
| N16 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N17 | Africa • Oceania |
| N20 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N21 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N22 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N23 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N24 | Europe: 1913– |
| N25 | Asia including Middle East |
| N26 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N27 | Africa • Oceania |
| N30 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N31 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N32 | U.S. • Canada: 1913- |
| N33 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N34 | Europe: 1913- |
| N35 | Asia including Middle East |
| N36 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N37 | Africa • Oceania |
| N40 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N41 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N42 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N43 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N44 | Europe: 1913– |
| N45 | Asia including Middle East |
| N46 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N47 | Africa • Oceania |
| N50 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N51 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N52 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N53 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N54 | Europe: 1913– |
| N55 | Asia including Middle East |
| N56 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N57 | Africa • Oceania |
| N60 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N61 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N62 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N63 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N64 | Europe: 1913– |
| N65 | Asia including Middle East |
| N66 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N67 | Africa • Oceania |
| N70 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N71 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N72 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N73 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N74 | Europe: 1913– |
| N75 | Asia including Middle East |
| N76 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N77 | Africa • Oceania |
| N80 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N81 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N82 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N83 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N84 | Europe: 1913– |
| N85 | Asia including Middle East |
| N86 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N87 | Africa • Oceania |
| N90 | General, International, or Comparative |
| N91 | U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913 |
| N92 | U.S. • Canada: 1913– |
| N93 | Europe: Pre-1913 |
| N94 | Europe: 1913– |
| N95 | Asia including Middle East |
| N96 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| N97 | Africa • Oceania |
Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
| O10 | General |
| O11 | Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development |
| O12 | Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development |
| O13 | Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products |
| O14 | Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology |
| O15 | Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration |
| O16 | Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance |
| O17 | Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements |
| O18 | Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure |
| O19 | International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations |
| O20 | General |
| O21 | Planning Models • Planning Policy |
| O22 | Project Analysis |
| O23 | Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development |
| O24 | Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy |
| O25 | Industrial Policy |
| O29 | Other |
| O30 | General |
| O31 | Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives |
| O32 | Management of Technological Innovation and R&D |
| O33 | Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes |
| O34 | Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital |
| O35 | Social Innovation |
| O36 | Open Innovation |
| O38 | Government Policy |
| O39 | Other |
| O40 | General |
| O41 | One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models |
| O42 | Monetary Growth Models |
| O43 | Institutions and Growth |
| O44 | Environment and Growth |
| O47 | Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence |
| O49 | Other |
| O50 | General |
| O51 | U.S. • Canada |
| O52 | Europe |
| O53 | Asia including Middle East |
| O54 | Latin America • Caribbean |
| O55 | Africa |
| O56 | Oceania |
| O57 | Comparative Studies of Countries |
Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems
| P00 | General |
| P10 | General |
| P11 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform |
| P12 | Capitalist Enterprises |
| P13 | Cooperative Enterprises |
| P14 | Property Rights |
| P16 | Capitalist Institutions • Welfare State |
| P17 | Performance and Prospects |
| P18 | Energy • Environment |
| P19 | Other |
| P20 | General |
| P21 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform |
| P22 | Prices |
| P23 | Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population |
| P24 | National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation |
| P25 | Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics |
| P26 | Property Rights |
| P27 | Performance and Prospects |
| P28 | Natural Resources • Energy • Environment |
| P29 | Other |
| P30 | General |
| P31 | Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions |
| P32 | Collectives • Communes • Agriculture |
| P33 | International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid |
| P34 | Financial Economics |
| P35 | Public Economics |
| P36 | Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty |
| P37 | Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior |
| P39 | Other |
| P40 | General |
| P41 | Planning, Coordination, and Reform |
| P42 | Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population |
| P43 | Public Economics • Financial Economics |
| P44 | National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation |
| P45 | International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid |
| P46 | Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty |
| P47 | Performance and Prospects |
| P48 | Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies |
| P49 | Other |
| P50 | General |
| P51 | Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems |
| P52 | Comparative Studies of Particular Economies |
| P59 | Other |
Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics
| Q00 | General |
| Q01 | Sustainable Development |
| Q02 | Commodity Markets |
| Q10 | General |
| Q11 | Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices |
| Q12 | Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets |
| Q13 | Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness |
| Q14 | Agricultural Finance |
| Q15 | Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment |
| Q16 | R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services |
| Q17 | Agriculture in International Trade |
| Q18 | Agricultural Policy • Food Policy • Animal Welfare Policy |
| Q19 | Other |
| Q20 | General |
| Q21 | Demand and Supply • Prices |
| Q22 | Fishery • Aquaculture |
| Q23 | Forestry |
| Q24 | Land |
| Q25 | Water |
| Q26 | Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources |
| Q27 | Issues in International Trade |
| Q28 | Government Policy |
| Q29 | Other |
| Q30 | General |
| Q31 | Demand and Supply • Prices |
| Q32 | Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development |
| Q33 | Resource Booms |
| Q34 | Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts |
| Q35 | Hydrocarbon Resources |
| Q37 | Issues in International Trade |
| Q38 | Government Policy |
| Q39 | Other |
| Q40 | General |
| Q41 | Demand and Supply • Prices |
| Q42 | Alternative Energy Sources |
| Q43 | Energy and the Macroeconomy |
| Q47 | Energy Forecasting |
| Q48 | Government Policy |
| Q49 | Other |
| Q50 | General |
| Q51 | Valuation of Environmental Effects |
| Q52 | Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects |
| Q53 | Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling |
| Q54 | Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming |
| Q55 | Technological Innovation |
| Q56 | Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth |
| Q57 | Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology |
| Q58 | Government Policy |
| Q59 | Other |
Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
| R00 | General |
| R10 | General |
| R11 | Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes |
| R12 | Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity |
| R13 | General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies |
| R14 | Land Use Patterns |
| R15 | Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models |
| R19 | Other |
| R20 | General |
| R21 | Housing Demand |
| R22 | Other Demand |
| R23 | Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics |
| R28 | Government Policy |
| R29 | Other |
| R30 | General |
| R31 | Housing Supply and Markets |
| R32 | Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis |
| R33 | Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets |
| R38 | Government Policy |
| R39 | Other |
| R40 | General |
| R41 | Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise |
| R42 | Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning |
| R48 | Government Pricing and Policy |
| R49 | Other |
| R50 | General | |
| R51 | Finance in Urban and Rural Economies | |
| R52 | Land Use and Other Regulations | |
| R53 | Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock | |
| R58 | Regional Development Planning and Policy | |
| R59 | Other |
Miscellaneous Categories
| Y10 | Data: Tables and Charts |
| Y20 | Introductory Material |
| Y30 | Book Reviews (unclassified) |
| Y40 | Dissertations (unclassified) |
| Y50 | Further Reading (unclassified) |
| Y60 | Excerpts |
| Y70 | No Author General Discussions |
| Y80 | Related Disciplines |
| Y90 | Other |
| Y91 | Pictures and Maps |
| Y92 | Novels, Self-Help Books, etc. |
Other Special Topics
| Z00 | General |
| Z10 | General |
| Z11 | Economics of the Arts and Literature |
| Z12 | Religion |
| Z13 | Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification |
| Z18 | Public Policy |
| Z19 | Other |
| Z20 | General |
| Z21 | Industry Studies |
| Z22 | Labor Issues |
| Z23 | Finance |
| Z28 | Policy |
| Z29 | Other |
| Z30 | General |
| Z31 | Industry Studies |
| Z32 | Tourism and Development |
| Z33 | Marketing and Finance |
| Z38 | Policy |
| Z39 | Other |
Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia
Menjadi Anggota